The results delineate the multifaceted nature of microplastic-induced cellular damage, represented by diminished epithelial barrier function, decreased cell viability, and widespread transcriptional shifts converging on oxidative stress, ER stress, and programmed cell death pathways. These in vitro observations contribute to the body of evidence concerning the potential molecular mechanisms of microplastic ingestion on human health. The findings support the continued evaluation and scrutiny of permissible microplastic thresholds in food and water, particularly in the context of increasing global plastic production. Additional in vivo and dose–response studies will be critical for extrapolating these findings and refining our understanding of how microplastics manifest toxicity within the human gastrointestinal tract. Ultimately, our findings illustrate the sensitivity of the intestinal epithelium as a primary target for ingested pollutants and toxic substances.
Laundry detergents promote sensitization to co-inhaled allergens and exacerbate eosinophilic airway inflammation and antigen-specific IgE responses via IL-33 and IL-13. These findings suggest that detergents can act as adjuvants that facilitate airway sensitization.